Artificia Inelligence: An early Concept In computer Science

Artificial Intelligence

 if you go through dictionary, you may got different definitions of Intelligence and Artificial. Intelligence is an ability that comes to person by birth as well as by learning through out the lifetime. Then what kind of ability can be talked as Intelligent? The answer comes as: the ability to reason, understand, create, learn, plan and execute complex task.

Here is a definition form Webster dictionary: "Intelligence is the capacity to learn and solve problems"

Now the question arise, what kind of problem requires intelligence? Normally the problem that are creative, mathematical and logical requires intelligent to solve it. For instance, placing a right move in a chess game requires a logical reasoning to get a better position then the opponent in a game. So it is a kind of problem that requires a intelligent to solve it.

According to Russel and Norvig on their book, the definition of AI has been divided into  
four groups (in two horizontal dimension and two vertical dimisnion),(https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~russell/intro.html)

Systems that think like humans.	Systems that think rationally.
Systems that act like humans	Systems that act rationally

Horizontal dimension: Human Prospective
Vertical dimension: Machine prospective

System That Think Like Human
This school of thought advocate that it is possible to build a Machine with minds. The advances in biological science and neurosciences make it possible that how brain works for human beings. In near future, it might be possible to determine the cognition process of human mind and translate it to a computer algorithm that when implemented in computer will start working like a human mind. This school consist of other discipline such as cognitive science, philosophy and psychology.

System That ACT Like human

This school is closest to the intuitive definition of AI that most people have. The Turing Test, proposed by the famous computer scientist Alan Turing in 1950, was designed to provide a satisfying operational definition of intelligence. By “operational definition,” I mean that instead of proposing a long and likely controversial list of conditions needed for intelligence, Turing suggested a simple test that could be applied to a system to determine whether or not the system was intelligent. 

The test works the following way: a human being poses some questions to the computer and then gets some written responses back. If the human being cannot tell that the answers were written by a person or not, then the computer passes and is considered to be “intelligent.”

What a Machine require to pass a Turing test?

 - Natural language processing i.e able to communicate in natural language.
-Reasoning automatically
-Store its knowledge what it reads and adds as a knowledge.
-able to learn form past experience-machine learning.

Thinking Rationally: A law of thought Approach

This school try to simplify the process of human intelligent using the logical reasoning process.. For example, ``Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal.'' These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of the mind, and initiated the field of logic.They believe that it is possible to built AI on the basis of the study of mental faculties through the use of computational model.

 

Chess Challenge Between Garry Vs IBM Machine

Acting rationally: The rational agent approach

Acting rationally means acting so as to achieve one's goals, given one's beliefs. An agent is just something that perceives and acts.

In this approach, AI is viewed as the study and construction of rational agents. In the ``laws of thought'' approach to AI, the whole emphasis was on correct inferences. Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a rational agent, because one way to act rationally is to reason logically to the conclusion that a given action will achieve one's goals, and then to act on that conclusion. On the other hand, correct inference is not all of rationality, because there are often situations where there is no provably correct thing to do, yet something must still be done. There are also ways of acting rationally that cannot be reasonably said to involve inference. For example, pulling one's hand off of a hot stove is a reflex action that is more successful than a slower action taken after careful deliberation.

One major advantage of this approach is that it is much easier to develop scientifically. The standard of rationality is very clearly defined and very general, while we still do not have a good understanding of human thought and behavior. Moreover, it is more useful to build systems that can do the right thing in a given situation, and solve problems better than humans might, rather than trying to design something that makes all the same mistakes humans do.

In conclusion, It can be assure that machine or computer were built to help people, to simply the life of people and they never were developed to replace the human beings. In the future, even though people would be able to develop a fully capable AI machine, this machine will be surly in control of human beings and could not replace the human in any aspect.