English Word you must Know

Day 2:

1)      fledging /adj/- trying to fly(just)

2)      Gull/n/-

a.       a type of bird

b.      /verb/ to deceive : he was gulled by shopkeeper.

c.       gullible- easily believing : a gullible person

3)      thrifty /n/- economical

4)      maladroit /adj/-

a.       unskilled

b.      /opp/- adroiit

5)      dexterous/adj/-

a.       very skilful at doing st.(not necessarily of hand)

b.      dexterity /n/- great skill at doing st. eg. the politician handled the case dexterously.

6)      unfledged/adj/

a.       - not fully developed.

b.      /fig./- lacking experience eg: unfledged teacher.

7)      poised/adj/-

a.       Calm and confident eg  A poised pilot.

b.      Ready to move or act eg: Poised dancer/runner.

8)      Emerge/v/-

a.       Rise eg: emerging career.

b.      to come out of something negative eg: he emerged from controversy.

9)      Exercise /v/-

a.       to remove evil sprit through magic.

b.      /fig/- to remove negative eg: I am trying to exercise unpleasant memory

10)   perjure /v/-

a.       to break oath eg: he was accused of perjury.

11)   abjure/v/-

a.       to give up formally or under oath.

b.      forswear eg:  He abjure alcohol as a new year resolution.

12)   denounce/v/-

a.       harshly criticize eg the violent was denounce by leaders.

b.      decry/deplore

13)   injure/v/-

a.       to heart others eg; I never injure my dearer.

14)   descry/v/-

a.       to catch distant sights eg to descry the Himalayas.

15)   bland/adj/-

a.       tasteless eg: bland vegetable

b.      /fig/ uninteresting or unexciting eg A bland movie.

c.       insipid /syn/

16)   sip/v/-

a.       to drink in small amount eg: He was sipping sugarcan

17)   scrumptious/adj/-

a.       delicious eg: delicious meal

b.      gusty/windy

c.       delectable

18)   delectable/adj/-

a.       delicious  eg the meal was delectable but not hygienic.

19)   appetizing /adj/-

a.       appealing eg appealing flavor.

b.      /opp/-unappetizing

20)   potable/adj/-

a.       safe to drink eg potable water

21)   Edible /adj/-

a.       safe to eat

b.      /syn/ comestible/esculent eg: not all mushrooms are edible.

22)   Vapid/adj/

a.       uninteresting or unexciting eg vapid songs

23)   piquant /-

a.       sharp and spicy

b.      /fig/- piquant joke, extremely interesting.

24)   Limpid /adj/-

a.       clean or clear eg: limpid skin/water/vocabulary

b.      limpidity /n/- the state of being clear or clean.

25)   inviting /adj/-

a.       very attractive eg inviting flavor

26)   Engage /v/-

a.       to start fight or war against eg the soldier are engaging the enemy.

b.      /opp/- disengage

27)   sarcastic /adj/-

a.       satirical

28)   Amuse /v/-

a.       to entertain eg amusing story

--àbemuse:  confuse

29)   muse /v/-

a.       to think deeply and seriously eg he mused over his career.

30)   Amaze /v/

a.       to cause great surprise.

31)   Elucidate /v/-

a.       to make clear or clarity eg the teacher elucidated complex text.

32)   Lucid /adj/-

a.       clear eg lucid translation

33)   pellucid /adj/-

a.       transparently clear eg pellucid theory or water.

34)   Abstruse /adj/-

a.       unclear

b.      opaque

35)   providential /adj/

a.       lucky

36)   provident/adj/

a.       economical (money/time/energy/resource/ eg He is provident user of energy.

b.      /opp/- Improvident.

37)   Frugal Meal/phr/

a.       plain and inexpensive meal(in order to save money)

--à Frugality /N/- the state of being  economical eg his character is marked by frugality.

synà thrift/n/ and thrifty/adj/

38)   Entrench /v/

a.       to make strong eg: I want to entrench my position in my office.

b.      entrenched /adj/-  entrenched position

39)   Retrench /v/

a.       Economize eg: Because of the economic slowdown, the American companies started to retrench.

40)   husband /v/

a.       Economize eg to husband existing resources

41)   Steward /n/

a.       A person who looks after passenger or property

b.      /v/-to look after passenger or property

c.       /fig/ -Economize eg to steward existing resources.

Tranlating to Predicate Logic

To translate statements stated in English using a given set of predicate symbols, we  first restate English proposition using the predicates, connectives, and quantifiers such that it preserve its original meaning. Then replace the English phrases with the corresponding symbols
.
Example 1: Given the sentence "Not every integer is even".
Now let the predicate "E(x)" represent x is even, and that the universe is the set of integers, First restate it as "It is not the case that every integer is even"
Then "it is not the case" can be represented by the connective "", "every object x in the universe" by " x", and "x is even" by E(x).
Thus altogether wff becomes x E(x).

Example 2

Take universe of discourse a set of all students of Kathmandu College.

P(x) represents:  x takes Discrete Mathematics class.

Here universal quantification is ∀x  P(x),  which represent the English sentence “all students of Kathmandu college take Discrete Mathematics class”,  and now it is a proposition.

The universal quantification is conjunction of all the propositions that are obtained by assigning the value of the variable in the predicate. Going back to above example if universe of discourse is a set {Ram, Shyam, Hari, Sita} then the truth value of the universal quantification is given by P(ram) ∧ P(Shyam) ∧ P(Hari) ∧ P(Sita) i.e. it is true only if all the atomic propositions are true.

Existential Quantifier

Universal quantifier, denoted by ∃, is used for existential quantification. The existential quantification of P(x), denoted by ∃x P(x), is a proposition “P(x) is true for some values of x in the universe of discourse”. The other forms of representation include “there exists x such that P(x) is true” or “P(x) is true for at least one x”.

Example 3

For the  same  problem  given  in  universal  quantification  ∃x  P(x)  is  a  proposition  is represent like “ some students of Kathmandu College take Mathematics class”.

The existential quantification is the disjunction of all the propositions that are obtained by assigning the values of the variable from the universe of discourse. So the above example is equivalent to P(Ram) ∨  P(Shyam)∨P(Hari)∨ P(Sita), where all the instances of variable are as in example of universal quantification. Here if at least one of the students takes graphics class then the existential quantification results true.

Translating the Sentences into Logical Expression

Example 4

Translate “not every integer is even” where the universe of discourse is set of integers.

Solution

Let E(x) denotes x is even.

Then ¬∀xE(x) represents the above statement “not every integer is even”

Example 5

Translate “every man is mortal”

Let M(x) denote x is mortal, where x is from set of man (here universe of discourse is all man)

Then, ∀x M(x) represent that “for all x ,  x is mortal.”