Artificia Inelligence: An early Concept In computer Science

Artificial Intelligence

 if you go through dictionary, you may got different definitions of Intelligence and Artificial. Intelligence is an ability that comes to person by birth as well as by learning through out the lifetime. Then what kind of ability can be talked as Intelligent? The answer comes as: the ability to reason, understand, create, learn, plan and execute complex task.

Here is a definition form Webster dictionary: "Intelligence is the capacity to learn and solve problems"

Now the question arise, what kind of problem requires intelligence? Normally the problem that are creative, mathematical and logical requires intelligent to solve it. For instance, placing a right move in a chess game requires a logical reasoning to get a better position then the opponent in a game. So it is a kind of problem that requires a intelligent to solve it.

According to Russel and Norvig on their book, the definition of AI has been divided into  
four groups (in two horizontal dimension and two vertical dimisnion),(https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~russell/intro.html)

Systems that think like humans.	Systems that think rationally.
Systems that act like humans	Systems that act rationally

Horizontal dimension: Human Prospective
Vertical dimension: Machine prospective

System That Think Like Human
This school of thought advocate that it is possible to build a Machine with minds. The advances in biological science and neurosciences make it possible that how brain works for human beings. In near future, it might be possible to determine the cognition process of human mind and translate it to a computer algorithm that when implemented in computer will start working like a human mind. This school consist of other discipline such as cognitive science, philosophy and psychology.

System That ACT Like human

This school is closest to the intuitive definition of AI that most people have. The Turing Test, proposed by the famous computer scientist Alan Turing in 1950, was designed to provide a satisfying operational definition of intelligence. By “operational definition,” I mean that instead of proposing a long and likely controversial list of conditions needed for intelligence, Turing suggested a simple test that could be applied to a system to determine whether or not the system was intelligent. 

The test works the following way: a human being poses some questions to the computer and then gets some written responses back. If the human being cannot tell that the answers were written by a person or not, then the computer passes and is considered to be “intelligent.”

What a Machine require to pass a Turing test?

 - Natural language processing i.e able to communicate in natural language.
-Reasoning automatically
-Store its knowledge what it reads and adds as a knowledge.
-able to learn form past experience-machine learning.

Thinking Rationally: A law of thought Approach

This school try to simplify the process of human intelligent using the logical reasoning process.. For example, ``Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal.'' These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of the mind, and initiated the field of logic.They believe that it is possible to built AI on the basis of the study of mental faculties through the use of computational model.

 

Chess Challenge Between Garry Vs IBM Machine

Acting rationally: The rational agent approach

Acting rationally means acting so as to achieve one's goals, given one's beliefs. An agent is just something that perceives and acts.

In this approach, AI is viewed as the study and construction of rational agents. In the ``laws of thought'' approach to AI, the whole emphasis was on correct inferences. Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a rational agent, because one way to act rationally is to reason logically to the conclusion that a given action will achieve one's goals, and then to act on that conclusion. On the other hand, correct inference is not all of rationality, because there are often situations where there is no provably correct thing to do, yet something must still be done. There are also ways of acting rationally that cannot be reasonably said to involve inference. For example, pulling one's hand off of a hot stove is a reflex action that is more successful than a slower action taken after careful deliberation.

One major advantage of this approach is that it is much easier to develop scientifically. The standard of rationality is very clearly defined and very general, while we still do not have a good understanding of human thought and behavior. Moreover, it is more useful to build systems that can do the right thing in a given situation, and solve problems better than humans might, rather than trying to design something that makes all the same mistakes humans do.

In conclusion, It can be assure that machine or computer were built to help people, to simply the life of people and they never were developed to replace the human beings. In the future, even though people would be able to develop a fully capable AI machine, this machine will be surly in control of human beings and could not replace the human in any aspect.

Best Hyderabadi Biriyani

When I reached Hyderabad, I had something on my head that what kind of food I might find here. Since I have never been in India before and of course not in Hyderabad. But my anxiety come to end when I found many restaurant that are serving  food that are my cup of tea. One food that I most enjoyed in Hyderabad was " Biriyani- Hyderbadi Biriyani"

Biriyani is one of the most famous Indian Cuisine in Hyderabad. This dish is so loved by the locals that they eat it for breakfast, lunch and dinner. It is made of rice mixed with any other food such as chicken, mutton and even with vegetable. It has named accordingly what it has mixed with such as chicken Biriyani, Mutton Biriyani and Veg Biriyani respectively. Even If you are a vegetarian, You do not have to get disappointed as there is an equally delicious Veg Biriyani available too.

There are many places in Hyderbad to have Biriyani. THe most famous places are Hotel Shadab, Ghouse cafe and Cafe Bahar. Among this, I think the cafe Bahar may be the best choice for you as it offers best qualities Biriyani in reasonable price.This place is very popular and if you are lucky enough, you will get a table instantly otherwise, you  have to join a queue to get a table. But even you wait long, it was worth it, you realize when you get it on your table. 

One you get a table, you can choose from varieties of Biriyani form menu. For example, Biriyani with Chicken, Mutton or Vegetable. My favorite item is Veg Biriyani. It is made of fried rice mixed with verities of vegetables such as carrot, cabbage and beans. When it comes to my table, I feel salivery because it smell of  spices, garlic and aromatic. It looks so delicious for me when I see some beans floating over the rice. I even can not wait for frok and spoon, I take it with my hand. I could not feel its taste with spoon as good as when I use my hand.

Now I have to returned my home country very soon after two week. I have got addiction to Biriyani here. Now I am afraid that I will miss this Biriyani so much as There are no such restaurant that serve delicious Biriyanai like one that I can find here.. The moment someone mention Hyderabad, the first thing that come to my mind is Biriyani. I will really miss this place and food that I have ever got taste here.

Types of Workers

       Work is worship. Everyone in this earth work. Work is essential for living, for the development of individual as well as society. No country has progressed with out work. we work and we live. we live working all the time. Even everyone is a worker, we can classified worker into five classes depending on their work.

     

    The first kind of workers are growers. They grow crops, vegetables, fruits, flowers and animals. There are three types of growers. They are cultivators, gardeners and Shepherds. Cultivators harvest the plants such as corn, wheat and rice etc. Gardeners grows flowers, fruits and vegetables. Flowers such as rose, jasmine and lotus etc, Fruits such as apple, mango and orange etc and vegetables such as potato, tomato and beans etc are grown by these gardeners. Shepherds look after the animals.  The growers are independent workers. They don't depend on other workers for their work.

   Fig: Gardner taking care of Lettuce

    The second types of workers are diggers. They dig the land to find the minerals and mines. The workers who works in mine factory are known as miners. They find precious metal such as gold and silver as well as  irons. The other kind of diggers are known as quarry-men who works to builds roads and houses.

   

    The third ones are makers who works in the factory. They are manufacturer. The make product with raw materiel provided by diggers and growers. They are dependent workers.

     The fourth kind of workers are movers. The moves product made by makers from manufacturing plants to consumers. They are cart drivers, train drivers, car drivers, sellers, distributors etc.

   The fifth kind of workers  is helpers. They help people in their different walk of life. They are teacher, lawyers, policeman etc.

   In conclusion, workers all around the world fall in one of these five class of workers. Even though they are classified on the basis of their work, the aim of all workers is same. They all work to earn money for their living.

Thank You for reading this post. Your suggestion are mostly appreciated

Ready To boost the Carear

Its time to fly and create a better environment for office and home. I have been selected as ITEC scholar and will be doing research at Hyderabad for two and half month. See you guys there at EFL-U.

DES illustration notes

You may find a good illustration of Data Encryption Standard algorithm(DES) on this link.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_-L7kEES2VscERKbXRQbVdNdTA